"The noninvasive techniques involve the transcranial application of electrical (direct or alternating) or magnetic fields to the scalp at subconvulsive levels. These interventions include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and cranial electric stimulation (CES). Given the absence of an induced seizure, these interventions are hypothesized to act through plastic effects exerted by the repeated electrical stimulation of cortical circuits (in the case of alternating currents), or via potentiation of endogenous firing (in the case of direct currents)."
"CES also called transcranial electrostimulation (Boutros and Krupitsky, 1998) is perhaps the oldest way of stimulating the brain noninvasively (Figure 2). It includes a variety of different techniques that have in common the use of low-level alternating electrical (low current amplitude) signals applied to the scalp or earlobes (Klawansky et al, 1995). Although tDCS can be considered a form of CES, it was treated separately because there are data suggesting that its effects are quite different in the brain physiological effects (Stagg and Nitsche, 2011). There is also a ‘mixed' form of CES in which constant electric current (similar to tDCS) is combined with pulses of alternating current. This form of stimulation was used in Russia especially for narcoanalgesia (Boutros and Krupitsky, 1998)."
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Jane Leu Rekas, LCSW
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